Literature Review Leading an Organization - 2445 Words

Leading an Organization Literature Review Employees always have a tendency of working hard to attain the level the respective organizations they work for expect of them so that they give a positive and a desirable outcome. This underscores the relationship that exists between employee expectation and outcome. It therefore implies that employees have to be motivated to give the desired outcome. Effort, performance, and outcome are the three main aspects of motivation. Effort has got much to do with encouraging employees to believe that when they put concerted effort in whatever duty they do, their performance will ultimately improve (Illuminations, 2002). The performance aspect of motivation involves encouraging an organizations employees to believe that when they perform at high level they are bound to get good reward. Finally, outcome is all about making sure that the reward given for improved performance is attractive enough. When effort, performance, and outcome are high, employee motivation will ultimately be high (Illuminations, 2002). As easy as this formula may seem to be, it is imperative that the management creates and maintains a strong link between high effort and high performance. Expectancy theory is based on myriad assumptions the first being that people join organizations with expectations about their needs, motivations, and past experiences. An individual behavior is impacted by conscious choice. People also want different things from anShow MoreRelatedHrd Audit Literature Review683 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Review If you believe everything you read, better not read. (Japanese Proverb) [pic] What is a literature review? A literature review is an account of what has been published on a topic in the past. Its purpose is to inform the reader what has been established about a topic and what the strengths and weaknesses are. 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Analyzing Addiction Essay - 2240 Words

Addiction is everywhere, from celebrity tabloids, to television, and possibly to a family member or close friend. There is alcoholism, drug abuse, and gambling addiction; the effects of such are devastating. For example, the following excerpt is from the harrowing Leaving Dirty Jersey: A Crystal Meth Memoir by James Salant: â€Å"I gave Doug the spoon and I tried to pull thirty units of water into the syringe. Doug hit me on the side of my head and said, ‘Your shaking too much, let me do that.’ I pulled away from the faucet and let the syringe fall into the sink. Then I rolled up the shirtsleeve on my right arm. I looked at my arm. I had tracks, needle marks, up and down my arm. My shirtsleeve had bloodstains on it from the day before. I held†¦show more content†¦However, the addiction to illegal and legal drugs is only one of the myriads of other sorts of addictions. Thousands of cases are reported each year stemming from thousands of platforms for obsession, including sex, gambling, stealing, and over-eating. Although some of these platforms may seem harmless and, in some cases, mundane, (i.e. videogames, caffeine), each case of addiction is just as serious as the next. For example, the London Times reported on a twenty-six year-old Chinese man who played online videogames at local cyber cafà ©s. Xu Yan, a teacher, played online games for nearly fifteen straight days, which ultimately resulted in sleep deprivation induced cardiac arrest. [6] Xu is not the only one in who is addicted to online games; According to an Annals journal on internet addiction, over 2.6 million, or 14 percent, of Chinese youth are clinically addicted to the Internet.[8] Several measures have been proposed to combat this addiction, such as banning teenagers from cyber cafà © and limiting Internet sessions, but the issue is far from a solution. The videogame addiction may seem funny or ridiculous, but in reality it is a dangerous obsession that truly exposes several needs that have yet to be addressed within the afflicted. Addiction is a damaging problem, and the impact of varying sorts of addictions, such as illegal andShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : Analyzing The Web And Different Textbooks About Drugs1813 Words   |  8 PagesDesmone’ L. Jones Professor Lara Tedrow Introduction to Psychology 1 13 November 2015 Drug Addiction While researching the web and different textbooks about drug addiction, I have found a lot of great information that I would like to share in this paper. Particularly about how it affects each person and just give a round about idea of what drug addiction really is and how people deal with it and overcome this in everyday life. This topic is very important and maybe it willRead MoreThe Neural Functioning of Individuals: Analyzing Food Addiction2587 Words   |  10 Pagesand illegal drugs. 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Watching Television Is Bad for Children Free Essays

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Watching television is bad for children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Most people in the world including children use to watch TV at least two hours per day. We will write a custom essay sample on Watching Television Is Bad for Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some people believe watching TV may pose several negative effects for their children, while others think that TV provides more benefits for children than negative effects. These two points of view will be discussed accordingly. In the modern world there are many different programs, movies and cartoons which are interesting for all children. Some parents complain that their children use to watch TV for a long time, while they are at work, which results to a slow progress at school and also make their lifestyle less active. This is evidenced in how many children like to watch the ‘Nickelodeon’ channel and even know the names of most characters in many cartoons. It is obvious that children prefer to spend their time watching TV than doing daily homework for school purposes or going in for sports. On the other hand, many argue that watching TV poses advantages to children’s intellectual capacities, because they may also watch many cognitive channels, for instance the ‘BBC World’, the ‘Animal planet’ or the ‘Discovery’ which provide daily news or other interesting facts. In conclusion, watching TV is not bad for children, as it may develop their intellectual capacities. However parents should control what their children are watching and also do not allow them to watch TV more than two hours per day, because watching TV for a long time may pose several negative effects for their studies at school as well as for their health status. How to cite Watching Television Is Bad for Children, Papers Watching Television Is Bad for Children Free Essays Television is an ever-present form of entertainment and information in modern society. Although there are many excellent educational programs, I believe that television may not be good for children. This is because television can make children more violent due to violent content and because television may have a negative influence on children’s schoolwork. We will write a custom essay sample on Watching Television Is Bad for Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now One problem is that television makes children more aggressive. Oftentimes, especially in the evenings and on cable television there is a lot of violence depicted in programs. Children are often exposed to these programs, and there are some people that believe that these programs can even make children more violent. In the news, there was a story about a young boy who was watching an action movie that had a lot of fighting. The boy tried some of the things that he saw in the movie on his younger brother and put him in the hospital. The problem is that many of the characters in movies that are performing violent actions are supposed to be the heroes, and children want to mimic the actions of their heroes. In a young mind, seeing as children are copying heroic action, they do not see it as a wrong behavior. Another big problem with television is that it may have a negative influence on children’s schoolwork. Every moment spent in front of a television screen is one less moment spent on more productive activities. In recent years, educators have pointed out a drop in academic performance, and one of the culprits may be television. When children are at home, especially alone, they tend to turn on the TV in order to be passively entertained. However, there is no learning going on when one just sits and watches TV. That is much easier than putting thought into schoolwork. Television can be addictive and cause children to spend more time watching TV than doing their homework. Children have to be monitored to make sure that the bulk of their time is spent on the more important activities, such as learning. Television can be an entertaining way to spend free time as long as it is not abused. However, children especially need to monitored when they watch TV. This is because there is evidence that television violence is causing some children to be more aggressive, and TV may also be harming children academically. As with anything, watching too much television is bad for children. How to cite Watching Television Is Bad for Children, Papers

Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty

Question: Does Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty? Answer: Introduction A good percentage of governments across the globe depend for foreign aid to cater for their citizens. Most of these countries are drawn from the third world as a result of the high levels of poverty and stagnated economic growth. In Africa alone, all the 54 countries depend on foreign aid to fund their sectors and in the end stimulate growth. As most of the nations continue to benefit from foreign aid, there is a growing concern that this habit is not helping countries to stand alone and take the initiative towards self-dependency (Ndambendia Njoupouognigni, 2010). Policy makers and experts have been inevitably re-examining the role of foreign aid in developing countries, and they seem to be agreeing that foreign aid is a double-edged sword with positives and negatives in equal measure. In the same regard, it is imperative that most countries are grappling from high levels of wastage and corruption directed at aid funds as such, it is high time governments and stakeholders re-define d the role of foreign assistance and act promptly. South Africa receives substantive foreign aid annually from her key allies notably the United States. According to the latest statistics, the South African Government received a total of $275m from the US government in 2010 (Bald, 2011).This money was channeled through aid agencies and directed at various projects with the largest portion going to the health sector followed by development. This figure represents a decrease of more than 80% from the previous year (2009).This significant drop has been attributed to the dwindling global economy that culminates in foreign partners scaling down the figures as the economic downturn continues to bite. Going down to the ground, foreign aid has been a target for corruption cartels in South Africa who siphon around 33% of the annual foreign aid. Under such conditions, it is pertinent to reiterate that there is fear and caution among donors. However, South Africa can find solace in the fact that it is one of the largest economies in Africa and foreign aid makes up only 0.5% of the total GDP. Development Theories Several development theories have been put across to explain the impact of foreign aid and ultimately determine if it stimulates growth or not. These theories take into account several factors including the key indicators of growth as well as the priorities set by the governments in the process of utilizing aid (Dopfer Potts, 2015). These theories are founded on the rationale that foreign aid can have a short-term or long-term impact on the economy but cannot alleviate the challenges completely. Therefore, to understand the dynamics and intrigues of foreign aid, it is vital to explore the issue in relation to these theories before reaching to a conclusion. Fundamentally, development theories examine how nations can achieve desirable transformation in the society. Dependency Theory The Dependency theory emerged in the late 1950s when economists at the United Nations Economic Commission embarked on a series of studies to address the growing economic disparity between Western and third world nations. As most countries sought to forge economic and trade partnerships, there was fear that this was only benefiting a cluster of a few nations at the expense of the majority. According to the theory, poor nations would continue to get poorer because they exported their raw materials to the rich countries and then import finished products of the same material (Ferraro, 2008). In the process, powerful economies gave little back to the smaller nations in terms of aid to absolve themselves from any blame. The theorists argued that the impact of foreign aid was small and was not enough to revolutionize societies through economic stimulation and empowerment. Whereas foreign aid channeled through NGOs was seen as an ideal undertaking, the theory argues that this new dependency is running down good governance, responsibility, and accountability in many nations. The theory admits and refutes in parts the notion that foreign aid can reduce poverty. Regardless of the millions of dollars that are disbursed to African countries from America and other donors, this does not take way the fact that the core problem lies in the inequitable distribution of resources between nations. In this regard, countries that continue to tame the increased consumption of resources by its citizens will continue to depend on foreign aid for sustainable development and improvement of living standards (Thiombiano, 2016). Therefore, when the demand for fundamental services and amenities balloons, the foreign aid will not cushion the people against the extremes of poverty. A recent study by IMF found out that whereas foreign aid to Africa has been growing annually, the poverty index has not responded accordingly. The survey pointed out that aid disbursement is encouraging inefficiencies and wastage among developing nations and the effects trickle down to the people. Mos t governments are reluctant to seal the loopholes because they anticipate more foreign aid. Modernization Theory The modernization theory argues that a modern society can only exist in the present of robust social and economic structures that bring every citizen at par with the government reserves. The theory asserts that there are a misconception and a disconnection between economic development and poverty, especially in developing nations. It points out that social evolution in many societies is halted by the slow economic take-off and the failure of authorities to offer instant economic interventions (Inglehart Welzel, 2010). The modernization theory seeks to address the various aspects of a functioning society and the role of the government I securing the socio-economic security of the people. According to the theory, poverty is as a result of internal economic disconnections between people and government but can be solved by reducing dependency on external interventions. Through the modernization theory, it is imperative that foreign aid is one of the hindrances of self-regulation and government responsiveness to the needs of its people. Foreign aid targets empowering communities through education, sanitation and growth opportunities. Whereas it is evident that the society can derive some benefit from there, the larger picture implies the contrary. Most countries that depend on foreign aid to run substantive parts of their budgets have no channels of unleashing the potential laid down by foreign aid. Moreover, this aid comes under stringent provisions and can change the equation as countries tend to donate to nations where they can equally benefit. For example, investment of foreign aid in education by NGOs depends on the regimes ability to put in place enough infrastructures so that there is continuity. However, most countries are unable to do this, and the progress that foreign aid has initiated is halted. Structural Poverty Theory Amid the growing debate on the connection between poverty and foreign aid, less attention is being given to the nature of poverty that the latter can or cannot alleviate. This theory documents that the persistent levels of poverty in Africa follow a basic pattern because of economic systems that limit their income (Tingley, 2010). The theory asserts that the dynamism of African people is being held back by economically depleted systems that have numerous barriers to growth. Therefore, hardships keep emerging and creating holes that cannot be sealed even in the change of times. Africans are poor because of the failure of government to put in place systems that can work to reduce poverty. In such a scenario, foreign aid becomes an alternative channel to getting out of poverty but since it is not constant, the economic holes keep recurring (Milner, 2013). The structural poverty theory contradicts the individual poverty theory and seeks to dispel the notion that poverty is a personal choice that emanates from being lazy and less innovative. The former points out that people in African nations are hard-working, but they are restrained by bad governance and corruption from prospering. As such, any monetary input is likely to have little impact since the problems are escalating by day. The Failure of Aid in Reducing Poverty It is ironical that millions of Africans continue to wallow in poverty while stepping on reserves of precious raw materials. It is even more surprising that more than 75% of the African countries budgets rely on foreign aid. As former Senegalese President Abdoulaye Wade put it, a country can never develop out of aid or credit" (Ayodele., et al, 2005). This is the reality that most African nations have failed to accept. The African scenario is made even more difficult by the absence of policies that embrace the free market approach that has been credited for the growth of countries like Taiwan and Singapore. In fact, a study by CATO in 2015 revealed that the more the foreign aid pumped to Africa, the lower the standards of living. The study pointed out that foreign aid is a recipe for corruption and bureaucracy. A substantive percentage of aid money is lost through wastage and in such countries, there is little or no economic stimulation targeting the core causes of poverty. Another reason for the failure of foreign aid in reducing poverty is the dismal figures of local investment. African nations have failed to lay down enabling policies and markets that can attract domestic investment. Foreign nations have put more investment in African nations, and whereas this promotes economic development, it also culminates in grooming a society that is compounded by persistent poverty. The role of foreign aid is thus submerged in uncertainties occasioned by infiltration of the market by foreigners (Tupy, 2005). Most countries, especially in Africa, have failed to prioritize internal investment over foreign investment. Consequently, a huge chunk of the money that streams in from abroad is used in activities that the government would have funded in the first place by giving access to the market and facilitation through policy making and priority setting. In the same regard, most of the foreign investors disburse the returns to their homeland and the cycle continues as citizens stagnate in poverty. Foreign aid is also failing because of bureaucracy in African nations that receive huge amounts of foreign aid. The aid channeled by governments through government agencies has become a major casualty of massive bureaucracy and sabotage (Andrews, 2009). States are refusing to baulk to Western pressure to implement reforms so that monitoring and evaluation can be possible. A survey done by IMF in 2010 revealed that only 4% of the countries in Africa can account for more than 80% of the foreign aid allocation. However, much of the funds had been deployed to projects that are likely to take longer to have a desirable impact on communities. For instance one of the countries (Lesotho) was more transparent but the poverty levels had not moved up in a five-year period (Bearce Tirone, 2010). This is because of the failure of the government to leverage the priorities with the provisions and policies of donor fund. Therefore, the likelihood of the poverty index dropping is almost negligible c onsidering that the key indicators of economic well-being and prosperity send a negative signal that scales down the level of funding in future. Culture has also been blamed on the slow responsiveness Africa to foreign aid and eventual alleviation of poverty. Economists argue that the poverty that has persisted in Africa over decades is as a result of psychological inferiority that is immune to any stimulation by monetary input (Small., et al, 2010). They argue that whereas most of the nations in the Dark Continent were at par with their counterparts from the East, the present state of economic development is quite different because Africa still thrives in the ancient culture of dependency. Africans consider themselves as less fortunate, and they feel that is the obligation of donor states to pump in millions of dollars so that they can get out of poverty (Winters, 2010). In this context, progress cannot be achieved if the society lives without laying a marker on how to reduce poverty by limiting their dependence on foreign aid. Therefore, despite concerted efforts to safeguard the usage of foreign aid, little progress can be expected unless there is a change of perception. Conclusion This paper has looked at the link between foreign aid and development in African countries. The study has examined the ability of foreign aid to reduce poverty and spur economic development in African countries. Based on the arguments and in relation to three (3) development theories, it is clear that this debate elicits several reactions. However, it is bold to state that foreign aid is an integral part of many economies in the world. However, there is need for African countries to reduce dependence by embarking on internal policies and programs that will improve the lives of the people. References Dopfer, K., Potts, J. (2015).The general theory of economic evolution. Routledge. Ferraro, V. (2008). Dependency theory: An introduction.The development economics reader,12(2), 58-64. Thiombiano, D. (2016). Chinas foreign aid in Africa: The Case Studies of Angola and Niger. Inglehart, R., Welzel, C. (2010). Changing mass priorities: The link between modernization and democracy.Perspectives on Politics,8(02), 551-567. Ayodele, T., Cudjoe, F., Nolutshungu, T. A., Sunwabe, C. K. (2005). African perspectives on aid: Foreign assistance will not pull Africa out of poverty.Economic Development Bulletin,2, 1-4. Tupy, M. L. (2005). Poverty That Defies Aid.CATO Institute. Andrews, N. (2009). Foreign aid and development in Africa: What the literature says and what the reality is.Journal of African Studies and Development,1(1), 8. Milner IV, H. R. (2013). Analyzing poverty, learning, and teaching through a critical race theory lens.Review of Research in Education,37(1), 1-53. Small, M. L., Harding, D. J., Lamont, M. (2010). Reconsidering culture and poverty. Williamson, C. R. (2010). Exploring the failure of foreign aid: The role of incentives and information.The review of Austrian economics,23(1), 17-33. Bearce, D. H., Tirone, D. C. (2010). Foreign aid effectiveness and the strategic goals of donor governments.The Journal of Politics,72(3), 837-851. Winters, M. S. (2010). Accountability, participation and foreign aid effectiveness.International Studies Review,12(2), 218-243. Tingley, D. (2010). Donors and domestic politics: Political influences on foreign aid effort.The quarterly review of economics and finance,50(1), 40-49. Ekanayake, E. M., Chatrna, D. (2010). The effect of foreign aid on economic growth in developing countries.Journal of International Business and Cultural Studies,3, 1. Bald, Y. (2011). The impact of remittances and foreign aid on savings/investment in Sub?Saharan Africa.African Development Review,23(2), 247-262. Ndambendia, H., Njoupouognigni, M. (2010). Foreign aid, foreign direct investment and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from pooled mean group estimator (PMG).International journal of economics and finance,2(3), 39-45.

Macbeth Misplaced Priorites Essays - Characters In Macbeth

Macbeth: Misplaced Priorites Success in life is often derived from careful prioritization. Shakespeare's play Macbeth, is a play about one man's long time ambition, which drove his desire to be king and his fall from grace. Three characters from the play suffer from misplaced priorities are Duncan, Macduff and Banquo. King Duncan did not have his priorities in order, and, as a result, death was his ultimate price. Firstly, Duncan was too ambitious for his own children to become Kings. Instead of concentrating on his country and who would make a good King, Duncan placed his dream on his children becoming Kings. Secondly, Duncan should have named Macbeth Prince of Cumberland. When Macbeth learns that Malcolm is to be the next King, he says: The Prince of Cumberland! That is a step, on which I must fall down, or else o'erleap, for in my way it lies. Stars, hide your fires! Let not light see my black and deep desires: the eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, which the eye fears, when it is done to see. (I, iv, 47-52) Malcolm was a poor excuse for a soldier and should not become King. Duncan's naming his son Malcolm as Prince of Cumberland signed his own death warrant. If Prince, Malcolm would weaken he strength of his country. Malcolm is a poor excuse for a soldier, although it is customary for a King to pass his crown down to his son, Malcolm was not suited to be a King. Consequently, death was Duncan's ultimate price because of his misplaced priorities. Macduff was another individual who didn't have his priorities set straight and who suffered for his crime. Firstly, Macduff did not attend Macbeth's coronation. Will you to Scone? No cousin, I'll to fife. (III, I, 35-36) Macduff did not attend Macbeth's coronation, he went to fife to revolt against Macbeth. Macbeth later discovered what Macduff had in mind, so he sent his henchmen to murder Macduff's family. Secondly, Macduff put his love of his country ahead of his own family. After Macduff arrived in England he received word that Macbeth's murderers had slaughtered his family: I cannot but remember such things were, that were most precious to me. Did heaven look on, and would not take their part? Sinful Macduff, they were all struck for thee! naught that I am, not for their own demerits, but for mine, fell slaughter on their souls: heaven rest them now. Macduff sank very low, because by putting his love of his country ahead of his family, he was not at home to protect his family. Clearly, Macduff suffered greatly of his loss of his family, because of his misplace priorities his love of his country was too great. Banquo was another character in Macbeth who suffered because of misplaced priorities. Firstly the three witches had told Banquo that his sons would be future Kings of Scotland. Thou shalt get Kings, though thou be none. (I, iii, 68) Banquo contributed to his own death by keeping the future destiny told by the three witches, of his sons becoming Kings a secret. If Banquo would have Duncan that his sons would be Kings, Duncan wouldn't have been murdered, Macbeth would not be King, and Banquo's life would be spared. Secondly if Banquo had told the other thanes of Scotland about his suspicions of Macbeth, he might have lived. However, he says: Thou hast it now, King, Cawdor, glamis, all, as the weird women promis'dst most foully for't: yet it was said it should not stand in thy posterity, but that myself should be the root and father of many Kings. If there come truth from them, as upon thee, Macbeth, their speeches shine, why by verities on the made good, may they not be my oracles as well and set me up in hope? But hush, no more. (III, i, 1-10) Banquo didn't inform the other thanes of his suspicions of Macbeth, if he had, his life could have been spared and perhaps Macbeth's blood baths could have been averted. Banquo contributed to his own death by having misplaced priorities. Had he prioritized he might have lived to see his sons become Kings one day. Three characters from Macbeth, a play of one man's long time ambition that drove his desire to

Presidential Candidates on Education essays

Presidential Candidates on Education essays Education is the backbone of human growth in all fields of lives, by that economy, society, morality or personal development. It is the answer or solution to all the problems encountered by an individual, society or a nation. Through the direct use of knowledge, an educated person can help himself and others around him to overcome obstacles, develop himself and reach his highest potential. Therefore, education has been among the highest priorities of nations all over the world. Education has been among primary goals of all governments that ever ruled America and it is reason of American's success and hegemony in the world. Thus, the candidates of American Presidential elections have come up with scrupulously detailed plans on improving the quality of education for John Kerry is the candidate of the Democratic Party. He plans to increase job opportunities, increase the access and improve the quality of health care facilities and education, strengthening economy, military and relationships with other nations. He has proven himself as of possessing leadership qualities and humanitarian feelings during and after Vietnam War Kerry believes that every school should aim for and have resources to reach high standards of education. He plans to establish a National Education Trust Fund to ensure that schools always have the resources to provide quality education. Rewards would be granted to schools that reach the As teachers are the factor that determine the quality of education that each child receives, a plan to ensure that only competent persons teach and This program would be called ""New Bargain for America's Children and Teachers" under which 500,00 capable teachers will be hired. Teachers will be rewarded with high pays while at same time will be demanded to carry out rigorous testing that train and develop students for future careers. Majority of parents work in America till late in t...

Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Community - Essay Example A number of various factors tension the cohesion of the group. The greatest tension affecting the group is unethical use of instant messaging platforms. Some people use instant messaging to propagate hate speech, racial sentiments, and biased political ideas among other unethical uses. Another cause of tension of the cohesion in this community is that information that is sent on this community may not be appealing to all classes of people in this community. I am a regular user of this instant messaging. In one of my instant messaging community, I fit by finding friends who I know. These friends are my classmates and my former classmates, my sisters and brothers, my parents and relatives, as well as friends who I hang out with during weekends, games, and window-shopping. I want to be part of this community because I find it entertaining to socialize with my fellow friends. The community is also informative and thus of great value to its members. I get to know other friends who I may not have come across physically in this group too. It provides a great network of friends, information, and

Should drivers of automobiles be prohibited from using cellular phones Essay - 4

Should drivers of automobiles be prohibited from using cellular phones - Essay Example Most of the countries have banned the use of cellular phones during drive in order to curtail accidents. Purpose now is to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of using cellular while driving, with a view to reach at a common understanding of phone usage by automobile drivers during drive. Cell phone is the best available mean of communication especially in case of emergency or when some urgent decisions related to business, social gathering and community are desired. At the same time use of cell phone is major reason of distraction while driving. While driving, driver is supposed to be vigilant about traffic, signals, pedestrians and road conditions (Strayer & William 462). Concentration is the most difficult thing to achieve while driving if driver is using cell phone. This tendency has caused numerous accidents in the past. Therefore, use of cell phone while driving should be prohibited in order to safeguard the lives of innocent people. It is obvious that one cannot be vigilant about surroundings while talking on the cell phone. Cell phone conversation attracts more attention than driving. Diversion of attention during drive is simply unaffordable even for a second (Strayer & William 465). If, driver is little inattentive than he may face the dire circumstances in the shape of an accident. This is what has happened to people in the recent past and same is happening at present also. University of Utah psychology department carried out study in 2003 for determination of risks posed by cell phone usage during driving. Different teams of people were made for analyzing their performances in different situations. One team drove simulator while taking on the cell phone. Another team got drunk for the reasons of comparison between drunk drivers and drivers taking on cell phones. Another team comprised of people who were fully focused on the driving. It was found that people who were talking on the cell phone were more dangerous than drunk drivers at few

Influence of the Relationship between Politics and Religion in Western Research Paper

Influence of the Relationship between Politics and Religion in Western Civilization Conflicts - Research Paper Example Muslims believe in the holy war and observe the pilgrimage to Mecca which Christians neither believe in nor practice. During the Medieval period, both Christianity and Islam promulgated their religious beliefs and practices in territories where the majority existed. Christianity employed the use of missionaries whereas Islam employed offensive practices such as conquests, political rule and returning crusaders in spreading their faith (Spielvogel 238-243). 3. The expansion of trade The expansion of trade during the High Middle Ages resulted from developments in voyages of exploration by Vikings, growth of states, contacts with the Muslim world and the arrival of the Portuguese. Vikings exchanged goods as they sailed along trade centers in search of profit. The existence of various environmental zones and agricultural practices influenced trade to flourish. These resulted to the evolution of settlement as well as prosperity that in turn contributed to urbanization and the growth of st ates. In addition, contacts with Muslim merchants in the Trans Saharan trade involved the trade in kola nuts, gold, ivory, and slaves. The arrival of the Portuguese opened an outlet for West African manufactured products such as cloths. The utilization of Arab script and Muslim officials in complex bureaucracies remained as the impact of the expansion of trade on medieval society (Spielvogel 252-254). 5. The decline of papacy The papacy of the Roman Catholic Church had reached the peak of its power with the doctrine of temporal universal authority over secular rulers and fullness of power. However, the claims of temporal supremacy kept losing ground due to the growth of European secular monarchs. This created conflicts between papacy and the territorial states it never conquered.

Development of First Person Shooter (FPS) Games

Development of First Person Shooter (FPS) Games First-person shooter (FPS) is a video game that shows the game play around gun and projectile weapon-based combat in the perspective of main person. The player experiences the action via the protagonist eye view. In general, the first-person shooter shares common characters along with some other shooter games. From the genres inception, advanced 3D graphics elements have challenged the hardware development, also the multiplayer gaming has been integral. First-person shooters are a type of 3D shooter game, featuring a first person point of view with which the player sees the action through the eyes of the player character. Usually, a player goes through a series of levels. The best examples are Halo series, the Left 4 Dead and Half-Life series, and Golden Eye: 007. General: There are many different types of PC games in the market today. From the flight simulators to a real-time strategy, all the varieties have created niche markets amongst several computer gamers. First-Person Shooter is one of the swiftly growing game-types. Over-the-shoulder shooter games other game names which are based upon relatively premises comes under First-Person Shooter as a subcategory. We can see through the eyes of main character. The goal will be very simple for such games. However, reducing the genre to simplistic elements fails to appreciate the reasons that these games are so popular. First-person shooters implements latest technology and lead the industry. Later it provided support for multi-player gaming, also generated praise and condemnation. As we all know that the action games are fun-packed and thrilling thus become very popular. In this game, we need to use weapons, reflexes and special moves in order to beat the opponents and move ahead in the game. There are many types of shooter games. Content Analysis: In recent years, violent video games have become very popular. Every player creates their individual game content depending on the user s decisions and actions in a game. Individual game content concepts are essential for the evaluation of potential effects of media usage on cognitions, affects, and behavior. This study analyses the individually generated content with high temporal resolution. Continuous heart rate, skin conductance are associated with game content, which distinguishes the different game playing phases and transitions. In both intra-player and inter-player levels, Playing phases and transitions between playing phases are analyzed. History: The First-Person Shooters were evolved since 1970 s. Maze War and Spasim were started in 1973. However, the completion date is unknown. Later in 1974, University of Illinois was developed which was a rudimentary space flight simulator, and also first-person perspective. Detailed combat flight simulators and tank simulator development were influenced from Spasim. In 1980, Battlezone was released which is a tank game. First-person viewpoint and 3D graphics were successfully launched in 1983 for home computers In 1987, MIDI Maze was released which was an early first-person shooter. Through the MIDI interface it used to network multiplayer games before Ethernet and Internet was introduced. In 1991, Id Softwares Hovertank 3D developed ray casting knowledge to enable faster gameplay for vehicle simulators. Later advanced texture mapping was introduced though Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss. In 1992, role-playing game by Looking Glass Technologies introduced first person viewpoint and an advanced graphics engine. Due to violence associated with the First person shooters, they sometimes attract the negative attention of parents and censorship. They are liked by some and hated by others. However, now the First person shooters have evolved to be more than just mindless violence. The first FPS is Wolfenstein which was released in 1992 by id software. He Introduced super graphics, high quality sound, and unique playing styles and remained popular. In 1993, Doom was released by id software which was a big turning point in the First person shooters history. It was more powerful and advanced than Wildenstein, as it has a much larger weapons variety. One of its main selling points was its ability to stage multiplayer games. Due to Doom s success, id software has literally become the king of FPS game developers. In 1995, Star Wars were made into a FPS- Dark Forces by LucasArts. It is inspired by the movie, Star Wars. Later in 1996, RPG/FPS named Dagger fall was released by Bethesda Soft works. During this period, even the other genres are merged with FPS. One could fight enemies with swords, ride horses, join guilds, buy houses, burglarize shops, and even become a devil. In 1996, ID Software released Quake which was the first FPS to move from 2-dimensional pop-up enemies to fully 3-dimensional models. The gamers require 3D accelerator cards for high performance to play this game. In 1997, its sequel was released as Quake 2, which won much acclaim from both the gamers and critics. Golden Eye 007 which was one of the most popular console FPSs of all time was released in 1997 influenced from the movie of the same name. In 1998, the game Half-Life was released by Valve. It changed the gaming world by making its place as the greatest in the FP shooter. Amazing graphics, highly artificial environment, and a playing style influenced by movie. Thief: The Dark Project was released in the same year which emphasizes on stealth element. In 2000, Monolith Productions released No One Lives Forever. In 2001, Halo for Xbox was released by Bungie Studios. The story is futuristic and involves Master Chief fighting an alien cult and zombies in marine. In 2004, an incredibly cinematic Doom 3 was launched with the story based on mars. Later in 2004, Half-Life 2 was released which was considered as the greatest first person shooter ever. It features includes highly advanced graphics, amazing physics engine, and a super artificial intelligence. The complete history of First person shooters in brief above shows how the First person shooters have continued to push the sheath of graphics, sound, and game play. In the past decade, FPS achieved new heights. Making the gaming experience much more cinematic and realistic, First person shooters immerse the player into a completely new fascinating world. Difference between First Person Shooters and Third Person Shooters Due to crossover of features and other recent overlaps, differences between First person shooters and third person shooters continues to exist some confusion. One of the most basic differences is the character s perspective. In a FP shooters game, the player is the main character; and his viewpoint is through his own eyes. He will not be able to see himself, however, can view the surroundings. In FP shooters, you almost blow up everything you see. Hands and weapons can be seen at the bottom of the screen as the action is taking place through the eyes of the character. However, in third person shooter game, the main character can see himself on the screen. In Third-person shooters game, the surrounding environment was more clearly visible to the players. It helps the player to be more interactive with the surrounding environment. The main difference, between FP Shooters and Third Person Shooters, is the player perception in interacting with objects is more optimal. As the Third Person Shooter can see himself in the middle of the action, he can usually do some really kick-butt maneuvers like Jackie Chan style back flips and side rolls. That is the reason, the game designer is allowed to create more strongly characterized avatar, and directs the players attention as if watching a film. The boundaries between FP Shooters and Third-Person Shooters are not always clear. While the main character is driving a vehicle, many FPS games switch to a third-person viewpoint. In many other games like- Metroid Prime and Combat, the combination of first-person for aiming and third-person for driving has been used. Technology Advanced technology and Internet has led to the development of a number of multiplayer First person shooters. Multiplayer FP Shooter games online allows you to interact with players from all around the world and enjoy the FPS games online with them. You can even make teams online so as to kill the enemies easily. One of the most popular FP Shooter games online is Counter Strike is. In Counter Strike, you can interact with team partners so as to form the strategy on the selection of the weapons, decide the location and then fight enemies. Some FPS games focus on the storyline too, beside the action. Experiencing a different kind of world, you need to find clues and kill enemies silently so as to move ahead in the game. Half-Life is one such game. As a group, first-person shooters tend to be driving forces in accelerating the development of computer software and hardware. Other types of games are now trying to keep up, but FPSs have a clear lead in the technology race. The rise of the 3D graphics accelerator cannot be accredited to business applications; it is rooted firmly in computer games. It could be argued that 3Dfx, the company that created the Voodoo chipset used by several graphics cards, owes much of its success to GL Quake. A short list few FPS games: Zero Tolerance (Raycaster) Wolfenstein 3-D (Raycaster) Duke Nukem (Raycaster) Shadow Warrior (Raycaster) Doom (Raycaster) Rise of The Triad (Raycaster) Quake (3D) Quake 2 (3D) Quake III: Arena (3D) Hexen (Raycaster) Counter Strike 1.6 (3D) Counter Strike Source (3D) Shogo: Mobile Armor Division (3D) No One Lives Forever (3D) Half-Life (3D) Half-Life 2 (3D) Unreal (3D) Unreal Tournament (3D) Unreal Tournament 2004 (3D). Some popular first person shooter games description Maze war developer Steve colley, Platform; mlac PDS-1, Mac, NeXT Computer, PalmOS, Xerox Star. Release date on -INT 1974. Genre- First person shooter. Model-Single player, multiplayer Maze War (also known as The Maze Game, Maze Wars, Maze war, or simply Maze) is a historically significant video game. Maze War originated or disseminated a number of concepts used in thousands of games to follow, and is considered one of the earliest, if not the earliest, examples of a first person shooter. By later standards, gameplay has become simple. Characters in the game roam in a maze, and also capable of moving right or left, backward or forwards and entering through the doors. Other characters are represented as eyeballs. They are able to shoot each other, when a character sees another character. By shooting other players, the main player will get the points for, and if he is shot he will be lost in the game. Occasionally, a duck also appears in the passage in some versions. At that time, this is a great standard for network games. Maze war game. Wolfenstein 3D Wolfenstein 3D: Rise in popularity: 1992 1995 Generally, video game named Wolfenstein 3D is regarded as popular first-person shooter genre on the PC. Also, created the basic archetype which is subsequent games of same genre. It was published by Apogee Software and created by id Software. It was inspired by the 1980s Muse Software computer games Castle Wolfenstein and Beyond Castle Wolfenstein and released on May 5, 1992. The protagonist who is an American soldier, William B.J. in Wolfenstein 3D. While escaping from the Nazi stronghold of Castle Wolfenstein, Blazkowicz comes across many armed guards and attack dogs. The building consists of many hidden rooms with various food supplies, treasures, and medical kits, also three different guns and ammunition. GAME CHARACTER OF Blazkowicz in Wolfenstein 3D Details of the character Height: 6 ft, 4Weight: 210 lbs, Pros: Killed Hitler, Deployed at least 14 times Super Muscular When hes not busy killing Nazis he goes kill more Nazis, His grandson is Commander Keen, Can heal himself by eating a Hot Meal GAME PLAY of Wolfenstein 3D Each episode has ten missions (levels) which are supposed to be completed level wise. Entrance to the tenth which is a secret one can be found in the eighth level. However, we are supposed to complete only nine levels. The third episode which is a secret level can be identified in which one of the original Pac-Man levels, complete with ghosts, seen by the player from Pac-Mans perspective was recreated. ExMx map/level naming convention was first used in Wolfenstein 3D. In order to complete the episode, all the bosses need to be killed in each level. Boss enemies are drawn from one angle instead of eight unlike normal enemies. So the player cannot take them by surprise or sneak up on them. Also, they always face the player, in the first encounter. Until they see the player, bosses will not become active. A death cam (which is a replay of death) will be shown after the death of every boss. The early concept of the game included some innovative stealth concepts dragging dead bodies, swapping uniforms with fallen guards, silent attacks, etc., like in the earlier Wolfenstein games, which focused more on stealth than action. These ideas were dropped however, since they drastically slowed the game down and made the controls complicated. In game screen shot of wolfenstein 3d In game screen shot of wolfenstein 3d Halo: History of halo: Nothing says that you are a saint like having a bright halo over your head. The bright circle located at apex of the savior and the noodle of Catholic saints. Most of them lived nothing like is one of the most iconic symbols in Christendom. That is the reason; it could come as an astounding thing to learn many other icons related to Christendom. Halo was actually stolen from pagans and other religions. In ancient drawings in deities from Indian, Greek and Roman culture, a nebulous nimbus of luminosity was discovered on cave paintings. In ancient times, kings used to like to be portrayed with celestial crowns. The sole purpose is to establish special relationship with their particular gods who lives somewhere up in the sky. Halo is a video game franchise related to science fiction published by Microsoft Game Studios and created by Bungie. Main trilogy of the game centers experiences the Master Chief, an enhanced human super-soldier, and AI companion. The trilogy of video games was praised as being among the best first-person shooters on video game console. It is also considered as the Microsoft Xboxs killer app. It leads to the term Halo killer. As a developer Ensemble Studios last project, Halo games was launched into other video game genres, including Halo Wars which is a real-time strategy game. For the expansion of Halo 3: ODST and a prequel Halo: Reach, even the Bungie also contributed. Concept arts of Halo game. Screen shots of game halo HALFLIFE2 Half-Life 2 is a science fiction FP shooter game and sequel to the highly acclaimed Half-Life. It was developed by Valve Corporation and was released on Nov 16th 2004. The game uses the Source game engine, which includes a heavily modified version of the Havok physics engine. It is also known as the first video game to require online product activation. Later it was ported to Xbox and Mac OS X. It is a part of Orange Box compilation for PS 3 video game consoles and Xbox 360. Half-Life 2 takes place in a dystopian world in which the events of Half-Life have fully come to bear on human society, which has been enslaved by a multidimensional empire known as the Combine. Gameplay of Half life 2; Half-Life 2 is a FP shooter, following relative mechanics from its predecessor, Half-Life. At the bottom of the screen we can see the players health, energy, and ammunition status. Also, we can view the available weapons while toggling between screens. By picking up medical supplies and energy cells, the player can replenish his health and energy. Throughout the game we can see the puzzles and sequences involving vehicles. The player defeats his enemies with varied assortment of hand weapons. The modern-day projectile weapons like shotgun, pistol, submachine gun etc, are used. Also, more elaborate, fictional weapons like crossbow (shoots hot metal rods), a pulse rifle (disintegrate enemies on contact) are available. Some screen shots and game views of Half life 2 Conclusion: First person shooters are new phase in gaming world. With their advanced technology and sophisticated environment, FP Shooters gives a player thrilling experience. In every aspect it offers a great excitement with fast pace while playing. They give you the complete freedom to configure everything just the way you want it.

The Debate Regarding the Use of Native American Mascots Essay -- Nativ

Teams in every sport, at every level of competition, have a mascot. It is the mascot that represents the competitive spirit and team identity, motivating players and fans alike. Does the symbol chosen as a mascot have any impact on whether a team wins or loses? Unlikely. But the choice of a Native American mascot continues to ignite debate and controversy among athletes, fans and alumni, as well as those people who might otherwise be disinterested in sports. Why all the controversy? The dispute over whether Native American mascots should be used as a team symbol dates back to the 1970’s (Price 2). There are those who are passionately against Native American mascots. These advocators insist that Native American mascots are degrading to the native population and the mascots do not represent the true identity of Native Americans. What they fail to realize is that this argument focuses entirely on the perception and predetermined judgment that any Native American mascot is discriminatory and dehumanizing. This is simply not the case. The proponents of Native American mascot use believe tribal mascots display honor and respect towards the Native American people. They cheer that the inclusion of Native American iconography in the athletic arena serves to pay admiration and ongoing tribute to the identity of the Native American culture. In a majority of cases, this view is even sanctioned by the tribes themselves (Morrison). Rather than extinguish Native American mascots as a symbolic reference for schools and sports teams, the choice to sensitively use such imagery should be without sanction. Doesn’t the restriction and ultimate elimination of the Native American mascot also abolish the nation’s historic view of Native ... ... Library, Wausau, WI. 16 Nov. 2014. . Morrison, Rich. â€Å"Special Interview: Rich Morrison Speaks Out in Favor of Native American Sports Mascots.† Issues and Controversies on File. 29 Mar. 2002. Issues and Controversies. Facts on File. Wausau East Library. Wausau, WI. 10 Nov. 2014. . â€Å"Native American Sports Mascots.† Issues and Controversies On File. 12 April. 2002. Issues and Controversies. Facts On File. Wausau East Library. Wausau, WI. 10 Nov. 2014. . Price, S.L. â€Å"The Indian Wars.† Sports Illustrated 4 Mar. 2002: 1-5. SI.com. 16 Nov. 2014. . Wieberg, Steve. â€Å"NCAA Ponders Future of Indian Nicknames.† USA Today 15 May. 2005. SIRS Researcher. SIRS Knowledge Source. Wausau East Library, Wausau, WI. 16 Nov. 2014. .

A Memory For All Seasonings Essay

Memory is one of the most important functions of the mind. Without our memories, we would have no identity, no individuality. The following article is about a mnemonist, a person with an extraordinary power of remembering. The title includes a pun, a form of humor based on a play on words. The usual phrase to describe something constant and dependable is â€Å"for all seasons†; here the phrase is changed to â€Å"for all seasonings.† (Seasonings is another word for spices, such as salt, pepper, and curry.) What hint does this give you about the mnemonist? (Early in the article you will find out.) One evening two years ago, Peter Poison, a member of the psychology department at the University of Colorado, took his son and daughter to dinner at Bananas, a fashionable restaurant in Boulder. When the waiter took their orders, Poison noticed that the young man didn’t write anything down. He just listened, made small talk, told them that his name was John Conrad, and left. Poison didn’t think this was exceptional: There were, after all, only three of them at the table. Yet he found himself watching Conrad closely when he returned to take the orders at a nearby table of eight. Again the waiter listened, chatted, and wrote nothing down. When he brought Poison and his children their dinners, the professor couldn’t resist introducing himself and telling Conrad that he’d been observing him. The young man was pleased. He wanted customers to notice that, unlike other waiters, he didn’t use a pen and paper. Sometimes, when they did notice, they left him q uite a large tip. He had once handled a table of nineteen complete dinner orders without a single error. At Bananas, a party of nineteen (a bill of roughly $200) would normally leave the waiter a $35 tip. They had left Conrad $85. Poison was impressed enough to ask the waiter whether he would like to come to the university’s psychology lab and let them run some tests on him. Anders Ericsson, a young Swedish psychologist recently involved in memory research, would be joining the university faculty soon, and Poison thought that he would be interested in exploring memory methods with the waiter. Conrad said he would be glad to cooperate. He was always on the lookout for ways to increase his income, and Poison  told him he would receive $5 an hour to be a guinea pig. Conrad, of course, was not the first person with an extraordinary memory to attract attention from researchers. Alexander R. Luria, the distinguished Soviet psychologist, studied a Russian newspaper reporter named Shereshevskii for many years and wrote about him in The Mind of a Mnemonist (Basic Books, 1968). Luria says that Shereshevskii was able to hear a series of fifty words spoken once and recite them back in perfect order fifteen years later. Another famous example of extraordinary memory, the conductor Arturo Toscanini, was known to have memorized every note for every instrument in 250 symphonies and 100 operas. For decades the common belief among psychologists was that memory was a fixed quantity; an exceptional memory, or a poor one, was something with which a person was born. This point of view has come under attack in recent years; expert memory is no longer universally considered the exclusive gift of the genius, or the abnormal. â€Å"People with astonishing memory for pictures, musical scores, chess positions, business transactions, dramatic scripts, or faces are by no means unique,† wrote Cornell psychologist Ulric Neisser in Memory Observed (1981). â€Å"They may not even be very rare.† Some university researchers, including Poison and Ericsson, go a step further than Neisser. They believe that there are no physiological differences at all between the memory of a Shereshevskii or a Toscanini and that of the average person. The only real difference, they believe, is that Toscanini trained his memory, exercised it regularly, and wanted to improve it. Like many people with his capacity to remember, Toscanini may also have used memory tricks called mnemonics. Shereshevskii, for example, employed a technique known as loci. As soon as he heard a series of words, he mentally â€Å"distributed† them along Gorky Street in Moscow. If one of the words was â€Å"orange,† he might visualize a man stepping on an orange at a precise location on the familiar street. Later, in order to retrieve â€Å"orange,† he would take an imaginary walk down Gorky Street and see the image from which it could easily be recalled. Did the waiter at Bananas have such a system? What was his secret? John Conrad would be the subject of Anders Ericsson’s second in-depth study of the machinations of memory. As a research associate at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Ericsson had spent the previous three years working with William Chase on an extensive study of Steve Faloon, an undergraduate whose memory and intellectual skills were  considered average. When Ericsson and Chase began testing Faloon, he could remember no more than seven random digits after hearing them spoken once. According to generally accepted research, almost everyone is capable of storing five to nine random digits in short-term memory. After twenty months of working with Chase and Ericsson, Faloon could memorize and retrieve eighty digits. â€Å"The important thing about our testing Faloon is that researchers usually study experts,† Chase says. â€Å"We studied a novice and watched him grow into an expert. Initially, we were just running tests to see whether his digit span could be expanded. For four days he could not go beyond seven digits. On the fifth day he discovered his mnemonic system and then began to improve rapidly.† Faloon’s intellectual abilities didn’t change, the researchers say. Nor did the storage capacity of his short-term memory. Chase and Ericsson believe that short-term memory is a more or less fixed quantity. It reaches saturation quickly, and to overcome its limitations one must learn to link new data with material that is permanently stored in long-term memory. Once the associations have been made, the short-term memory is free to absorb new information. Shereshevskii transferred material from short-term to long-term memory by placing words along Gorky Street in Moscow. Faloon’s hobby was long-distance running, and he discovered that he could break down a spoken list of eighty digits into units of three or four and associate most of these with running times. To Faloon, a series like 4 , 0 , 1 ,2 would translate as four mi nutes, one and two-tenths seconds, or â€Å"near a four-minute mile†; 2, 1, 4, 7 would be encoded as two hours fourteen minutes seven seconds, or â€Å"an excellent marathon time.† When running didn’t provide the link to his long-term memory, ages and dates did; 1, 9, 4, 4 is not relevant to running, but it is â€Å"near the end of World War II.† Chase and Ericsson see individual differences in memory performance as resulting from previous experience and mental training. â€Å"In sum,† they write, â€Å"adult memory performance can be adequately described by a single model of memory.† Not every student of psychology agrees with Chase and Ericsson, of course. â€Å"I’m very suspicious of saying that everyone has the same kind of memory,† says Matthew Erdelyi, a psychologist at Brooklyn College. â€Å"In my research,† he says, â€Å"I find that people have very different memory levels. They can all improve, but some levels remain high and some remain low. There are dramatic individual  differences.† It is unlikely that there will be any agreement among psychologists on the conclusions that they have thus f ar drawn from their research. The debate about exceptional memory will continue. But in the meantime it is interesting to look deeper into the mind of a contemporary mnemonist. Ericsson and Poison, both of whom have tested Conrad over the past two years, believe that there is nothing intellectually outstanding about him. When they began testing Conrad’s memory, his digit span was normal: about seven numbers. His grades in college were average. Conrad himself says that he is unexceptional mentally, but he has compared his earliest memories with others’ and has found that he can recall things that many people can’t. His first distinct memory is of lying on his back and raising his legs so that his mother could change his diapers. As a high-school student he didn’t take notes in class—he says he preferred watching the girls take notes—and he has never made a list in his life. â€Å"By never writing down a list of things to do, and letting it think for me,† he says, â€Å"I’ve forced my memory to improve.† Conrad does believe that his powers of observation, including his ability to listen, are keener than most people’s. Memory, he says, is just one part of the whole process of observation. â€Å"I’m not extraordinary, but sometimes people make me feel that way. I watch them and realize how many of them have disorganized minds and memories and that makes me feel unusual. A good memory is nothing more than an organized one.’ One of the first things Conrad observed at Bananas was that the headwaiter, his boss, was â€Å"a very unpleasant woman.† He disliked being her subordinate, and he wanted her job. The only way he could get it was by being a superior waiter. He stayed up nights trying to figure out how to do this; the idea of memorizing orders eventually came to him. Within a year he was the headwaiter. â€Å"One of the most interesting things we’ve found,† says Ericsson, â€Å"is that just trying to memorize things does not insure that your memory will improve. It’s the active decision to get better and the number of hours you push yourself to improve that make the difference. Motivation is much more important than innate ability.† Conrad began his memory training by trying to memorize the orders for a table of two, then progressed to memorizing larger orders. He starts by associating the entree with the customer’s face. He might see a large, heavy-set man and hear â€Å"I’d like a big Boulder Steak.† Sometimes, Peter Poison says, â€Å"John  thinks a person looks like a turkey and that customer orders a turkey sandwich. Then it’s easy.† In memorizing how long meat should be cooked, the different salad dressings, and starches, Conrad relies on patterns of repetition and variation. â€Å"John breaks things up into chunks of four,† Ericsson says. â€Å"If he hears ‘rare, rare, medium, well-done,’ he instantly sees a pattern in their relationship. Sometimes he makes a mental graph. An easy progression—rare, medium-rare, medium, well-done—would take the shape of a steadily ascending line on his graph. A more difficult order—medium, well-done, rare, medium—would resemble a mountain range.† The simplest part of Conrad’s system is his encoding of salad dressings. He uses letters: B for blue cheese; /-/for the house dressing; 0 for oil and vinegar; F for French; T for Thousand Island. A series of orders, always arranged according to entree, might spell a word, like B-O-O-T, or a near-word, like B-O-O-F, or make a phonetic pattern: F-O-F-O. As Ericsson says, Conrad remembers orders, regardless of their size, in chunks of four, This is similar to the way Faloon stores digits, and it seems to support Chase and Ericsson’s contention that short-term memory is limited and that people are most comfortable working with small units of information. One of the most intriguing things about Conrad is the number of ways he can associate material. Another is the speed with which he is able to call it up from memory. Ericsson and Poison have also tested him with animals, units of time, flowers, and metals. At first, his recall was slow and uncertain. But with relatively little practice, he could retrieve these â€Å"orders† almost as quickly as he could food. â€Å"The difference between someone like John, who has a trained memory, and the average person,† says Ericsson, â€Å"is that he can encode material in his memory fast and effortlessly. It’s similar to the way you can understand English when you hear it spoken. In our tests in the lab, he just gets better and faster.† â€Å"What John Conrad has,† says Poison, â€Å"is not unlike an athletic skiil. With two or three hundred hours of practice, you can develop these skills in the same way you can learn to play tennis.† (1945 words) I Comprehension Quiz Choose the best way of finishing each statement, based on what you have just  read. 1. The psychology professor discovered John Conrad’s incredible ability to memorize: a. in school b. on a test c. in a restaurant 2. Conrad agreed to let the professor study his memory because: a. Conrad was interested in psychology b. Conrad wanted to increase his income c. Conrad needed to improve his memory 3. The famous Russian mnemonist Shereshevskii used a memory trick called loci to remember objects by: a. associating them with events in Russian history b. imagining them placed along a street in Moscow c. picturing each one in his mind in a different color 4. The memory trick used by Steve Faloon was the association of certain numbers with: a. running times b. important dates c. both the above d. none of the above 5. Conrad had been: a. a gifted student b. a below-average student c. an average student 6. Part of Conrad’s motivation for developing memory tricks to aid him as a waiter was: a. his desire to get his boss’s job b. his great admiration for the headwaiter c. his fear of not finding any work 7. Imagine that four customers have requested that their steaks be cooked in the following way: well-done, medium, medium-rare, rare. According to John Conrad’s â€Å"mental graph† technique, this order would be remembered as: a. a steadily ascending line b. a steadily descending line c. a mountain range 8. From this article a careful reader should infer that: a. everyone has about the same memory capacity and can develop a superior memory through practice and motivation b. a good or bad memory is an ability that a person is born with and cannot change to any great degree c. there is still no conclusive evidence as to whether outstanding memories are inborn or developed II Finding Support For or Against a Hypothesis As the article points out, some psychologists today believe that extraordinary memories are simply the result of development through hard work and the application of a system. According to them, an average person could achieve a superior memory if he or she tried hard enough. Find evidence from the article to support this hypothesis. Then find evidence from the article that goes against this hypothesis. What is your opinion of this controversial question?

Aspects of War essays

Aspects of War essays War in almost every aspect has more similarities than differences. Although, there are many differences, war is war. War is inhumane, killing people for reasons unknown to many or even for no real reason at all. War is glorified and it should not be. There are many down sides to war, many horrible scenes that some people have to remember for the rest of their life. Many people who survive war leave with horrible memories; many people do not even survive. In war, many people are degraded, and have to live and travel in harsh inhumane conditions. In the book Slaughterhouse Five when the war was coming to an end and everything was bombed, the POWs had to clean up the bodies of the humans killed. They had to dig holes and tunnels to excavate people who were trapped and died. In Schindlers List, there was much of the same thing going on. Although there were no bombings, the prisoners of the concentration camps had to dig up bodies. They had to dig up bodies of people who the SS officers killed. The prisoners had to take these bodies and dump them in fiery heaps to burn. During the movie Schindlers List, everyone was able to see the degrading conditions the Jews had to endure at the concentration camps. When the Jews had to go though selection, they had to run, naked passed the SS officers and the doctors in order to decide if they were healthy enough to work. If they were not healthy enough to work, they would meet their death at the crematories. The book Night describes the inhumane and degrading conditions in much more detail than the movie Schindlers List. While reading the book, one is able to visualize with detail the degrading conditions the prisoners had to go though. The SS officers told Elie and the other prisoners to run quickly and not to be scared, but as Elie put it, it was nearly impossible not to be scared. One could feel Elies fear durin...

Introduction And Trends In Transport Tourism Essay Example

Introduction And Trends In Transport Tourism Essay Example Introduction And Trends In Transport Tourism Essay Introduction And Trends In Transport Tourism Essay Essay Topic: Our Countrys Good Recent old ages have seen a rise in auto use as disposable income has increased per family and motoring costs have non risen significantly so as a consequence this has led to more autos on our roads. On the other manus public conveyance costs have increased and a turning figure of people do non see public conveyance as a feasible option for their day-to-day commute to work. Since the early 1970s the mean distance people travel per twelvemonth has increased by 50 % ( DfT, 2009 ) . Within Northern Ireland the auto is really popular with 78 % of families in Northern Ireland holding entree to a auto and 33 % holding entree to two or more autos. The Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998 and the new executive set about to present a Regional Transport Strategy that would relieve the jobs in Northern Irelands conveyance system which included jobs such as conveyance disadvantage and societal exclusion. The RTS was a 10 twelvemonth program introduced in 2002 with support, policies and sugge sted solutions to Northern Irelands conveyance job. Along with the RTS a Regional Development Strategy 2025 was set up in 2001 to help the authorities in long-run policy way. It was subsequently amended in 2008 to cover up until 2035. Transport disadvantage and societal exclusion have been a job peculiarly in rural countries of Northern Ireland as there was a deficiency of support and involvement from policy shapers. The RTS and RDS together included a committedness to create an accessible countryside with a antiphonal conveyance web that meets the demands of the rural community ( RDS for NI 2025, 2002 ) . The auto has become indispensable to people populating in rural countries as without it they would experience socially excluded, 38 % in the East and 36 % of people in the West of Northern Ireland owned two or more autos compared to Belfast where it was merely 18 % ( Travel Survey for Northern Ireland 2008 -2010 ) . Belfast evidently has better entree to public conveyance than rural countries within Northern Ireland due to a larger sum of investing such as the really successful Translink Metro service which in 2010 had a 30 % addition in backing from when the service began in 2005. Regional Transport Strategy 2002-2012 The Regional Transport Strategies purpose is to develop a sustainable conveyance system for Northern Ireland. The RTS supports the thought of places being built near occupations to cut down the demand for travel ; these countries are known as bunchs. By turning the population of Belfast there would be less people going in and out of Belfast which consequences in more route infinite and greater handiness to the metropolis. The RTS besides focused on undertaking congestion and cut downing every twenty-four hours journey times. By puting in Northern Irelands conveyance web the RTS set out to better bing conveyance substructure e.g. the new Class 4000 trains brought into service by Translink late. Policies introduced by the RTS include ; Bus replacing programme ( more modern coachs with greater entree for the handicapped ) Rolling stock replacing programme. RTF ( Rural Transport Fund ) to cut down societal exclusion in rural countries. Land usage policies. Regional Development Strategy 2035 The RDS purposes to supply long-run policy way and influences the Programme for Government ( PfT ) . One of the chief purposes of the RDS is to better connectivity between towns and metropoliss across Northern Ireland. This would let for better entree to concern chances and supply greater entree to services for local communities. Road and rail infinite demands to be decently managed for illustration route infinite can be made available by traveling people more expeditiously by supplying an attractive public conveyance option. The RDS references that the debut of more park and sit sites will promote automobilists to utilize the coach or train on their commute to work while cut downing traffic volumes, this has been really popular in and around Belfast e.g. Cairnshill Park and Ride. With a huge decrease in public outgo some of the purposes of both the RTS and RDS will be difficult to implement and some hard determinations will hold to be made in the close hereafter. Criticism of the RTS and RDS There are a figure of factors that would let the RTS to be genuinely sustainable such as really supplying automobilists with an attractive option to the auto. It would besides brace and so cut down traffic volumes. Congestion has increased since 2002 and continues to turn. Transport poorness still exists and the two schemes have failed to profit those who neither have a auto or an equal option. Public conveyance remains expensive and is expected to farther addition over the coming old ages. A study by Friends of the Earth ( FOE ) in 2002 stated that the proposed 65 % :35 % support split in favor of roads is reversed in favor of public conveyance. The RDS recognises that Northern Ireland relies excessively much on the route web and that this is non sustainable. The auto has many advantages as it offers a degree of independency to the driver that presently the public conveyance system in Northern Ireland can non supply but the harm to the environment and support to increase or keep the route web is unsustainable. The Impacts of Transport Disadvantage One of the chief purposes of the RTS is to convey communities together through a good conveyance substructure. Transport disadvantage and societal exclusion are non needfully ever related with each other as illustrated by Lucas ( 2012 ) as a individual may be socially excluded but have entree to transport or hold no entree to transport but non be socially excluded. Besides Lucas ( 2012 ) states that both transport disadvantage and societal exclusion straight and indirectly led to transport poorness. The diagram below illustrates some of the connexions between societal and transport disadvantage ; Life-size image ( 84 K ) Beginning: Lucas. 2012. Science Direct. [ ONLINE ] Available at: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967070X12000145. [ Accessed 28 November 12 ] . Communities can go stray because of conveyance disadvantage as they are non near to goods or services. Families with low incomes can non afford to hold a big proportion of their income spent on running a auto ; nevertheless some households are prepared to buy a auto as they see it as their lone option. Groups Affected by Transport Disadvantage There are legion groups of people affected by conveyance disadvantage such as the aged. Hine and Mitchell ( 2003 ) recognises that certain groups in peculiar face troubles in accessing conveyance and that this leads towards societal exclusion, these groups include the aged, people enduring from sick wellness and adult females. The labour authorities in 1997 set up a Social Exclusion Unit to look at the jobs that exist in society. In 2003 the Social Exclusion Unit identified countries that made public conveyance unaccessible to certain societal groups such as deficiency of safety, disbursal and deficiency of rider information. The undermentioned groups are a few illustrations of those that suffer from conveyance disadvantage and societal exclusion: Aged As people get older they become less nomadic and their entree to a auto decreases as a consequence going dependent on public conveyance or relations to help them. As a consequence of being less nomadic aged people in general brand fewer trips than they would hold when they were younger. However Public conveyance may non be an attractive option for the aged as in 2008 39 % of persons aged 70+ reported holding jobs walking or utilizing a coach ( DfT 2008 ) . Young Peoples Peoples under the age of 17 are non eligible to use for a drive license, so they are reliant on their parents or public conveyance. In 2008 62 % of journeys made by kids under the age of 16 were as a auto rider ( drdni 2008 ) . Public conveyance can be expensive for immature people and they tend to utilize public conveyance merely when it is necessary. There is a deficiency of handiness of public conveyance to immature people and this affects their societal lives, their instruction and future employment chances. Womans There are a lower figure of adult females in the UK that hold a valid drive license compared to work forces. The National Travel Survey 2010 carried out in England, Scotland and Wales showed that 80 % of males held a valid drive license and 66 % of females held a license. Besides the National Travel Survey 2010 stated that work forces travel much further than adult females but yearly adult females make more trips. By and large adult females have the primary duty for child care so are non transposing to work every twenty-four hours. However when a adult female and kid do travel they require a greater sum of infinite in order to entree a manner of conveyance. Groups That Are Ill Located Northern Ireland has 34.7 % of the entire population life in rural countries and 20.5 % of these people do non have a auto ( NIEL 2009 ) . The people in these countries rely on public conveyance if it s available but services are non frequent plenty and frequently non accessible to those who are in most demand of them. Disabled Disabled people require a greater sum of infinite when they travel and public conveyance is required to supply equal infinite for the handicapped but the diagram below illustrates the troubles they have faced when utilizing public conveyance and taxis. Beginning: ( Equality committee NI 2001 ) Low Income Groups Very hapless households can be classified in this group and are frequently households who have suffered unemployment over coevalss. These households frequently can non afford a auto and public conveyance may be accessible but they are limited in their usage of the service as it is excessively expensive. Car ownership is really low among low income groups ensuing in societal exclusion as they are unable to use for certain occupations or entree other services. Policy Impacts and Decisions The RTS set out to present certain policies such as bettering conveyance substructure and by 2012 43 new trains have been introduced on all of Northern Ireland railroad lines with all the older trains now out of service. The Larne, Derry, Bangor and Portadown lines are still to the full operational with backing staying high with 77.25 million rider journeys on Translinks services ( coach and rail ) over the period of 2011-12. The mean bus age of Ulsterbus and Metro is less than eight old ages with the bulk of coachs being accessible to handicapped people. Presently a Rapid Transit System for Belfast is under consideration and will be introduced in the coming old ages. Groups that suffer from conveyance disadvantage will profit from policies such as the debut of the Rural Transport fund and the debut of new turn overing stock as services will be more dependable. Disabled people will profit from the new coachs and trains being more accessible but merely if the services are accessible to them in the first topographic point. Surely in Belfast the handicapped and aged people have benefited since the debut of the RTS and RDS but rural countries have still been left behind. The thought of constellating towns and metropoliss seems to be the manner frontward as it is impossible to finance frequent and accessible services in more rural countries. Bibliography The National Travel Survey for Northern Ireland 2010, Department for Transport. Regional Development Strategy 2035, Department for Regional Development. Regional Transport Strategy 2002-2012, Department for Regional Development. Runing On Empty 2004, Karen Lucas Investigating links between conveyance disadvantage, societal exclusion and wellbeing in Melbourne-Preliminary consequences, Karen Lucas Sustainable Transport Report 2009, NIEL Regional Transport Strategy 2011, A Sustainable Transport Future, DRDNI Planing Policy Statement 13, Transportation and Land Use Transport Disadvantage and Social Exclusion, 2003 Regional Transport Strategy, Reverse Transport Spending, Friends of the Earth 2002

Is Capitalism a fundamentally Western concept or system, and if so, Essay

Is Capitalism a fundamentally Western concept or system, and if so, how can we account for its spread and entrenchment in non-Western areas of the world - Essay Example The development of industrialization in West is also considered as the organic growth of the capitalist thoughts and philosophy as capitalism presented an alternative channel of achieving social good in a more comprehensive manner. The pace of industrialization therefore was considered as the epitome of capitalist society and as such the domain of social and economic development achieved its highest status under the development of capitalism in Western countries. What is however, also critical to note that capitalism does not only restricted itself to the Western countries and as such it spread across the non- Western countries also. Since 19th Century, the process of colonialism as well as well as rapid rise of imperialization as well as globalization ensured the rapid spread of capitalism in non-Western countries also. What started as a purely Western Phenomenon therefore soon emerged in non- Western countries too due to various factors. Capitalism rose as a result of the rise in industrialization in 18th century which witnessed the British society turning from a feudal society to more capitalist society. Capitalism in its essence advocates the use of private property rights and indicates that in a society, means of production shall be privately owned for the best possible use. As such capitalism is not only an economic system but it also a social system which regulates the society in an entirely different manner. The basic elements of capitalism therefore include private ownership of the means of production, exchange of goods and services in the market for the sake of profits as well as determination of prices and wages by the market forces is basically constitute the main ingredients of the capitalism.(Morton,2005) What is however, critical to note that capitalism started in Western countries as a result of rapid achievement of technological sophistication and industrialization however, it also

Usage of Drugs at Music Festivals Research Paper

Usage of Drugs at Music Festivals - Research Paper Example Most of the people on the occasion take drugs just in the name of having fun while others have just the curiosity of knowing how it feels taking the drug. Not being considerate of the adverse effects of the drugs, some people consume alcohol among other drugs abused, in the name of getting high. They believe that they need to be off their chops to enjoy the loud music and lights. Beginners suffer more compared to frequent users of the drug (Platt 1).  In some occasions, the carries away some individuals, who becomes hyped and pushes limits too far by doing things that they would not do in ordinary situations. At such point, they take drugs and do crazy stuff that they come to regret afterward when nursing their hangovers. Some go back to their homes injured only to realize when sober. Games such as â€Å"truth or dare† and â€Å"dirty deeds† played by youths during the event also contribute significantly in such occasions. Sometimes they dared one to drink or take a d rug that they do not know. They do so in the name of the game. Drinking competitions also leave others taking too much of alcohol, chewing blackout among other adverse effects (Lim et al. 440). One of the most commonly abused drugs during Electron Music Festival in the US is Molly, the recent name for ecstasy. They take the drug for the stimulation by light, sound, and touch sensation. To them, it gives a good feeling. They forget its side effects, which include paranoia, depression, nausea, and dehydration. Adversity of the effects of the drug occurs with an increase in temperature. Taking the drug in this condition increases the effects of hyperthermia. In some cases, it causes death from dehydration or heart failure (Hesse and Tutenges 88).

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior Research Paper

Ethical Issues in Organizational Behavior - Research Paper Example What is even more significant is that the ethical issues are given the cover by the human resources management domains so that the organization continues to grow as a whole. It would put the organization in a quandary if there are gross ethical transgressions and the employees are unwilling to give their honest selves within the undertakings and tasks that they undertake in an organization. The complexity of the debate is present because the organizations cannot let go of this premise at all yet have to tell the employees time and again where they are lacking and what they need to do in order to move ahead positively. Individual influences have a good amount of say within the ethical behavior that is being drafted by the employees in their personal capacities. This means that the employees are either being ethical or completely opposite of the same premise. This has been researched upon within several organizations and the conclusion has been derived from the ethical capacities which have continued to stutter in the wake of interpersonal issues within the employees, the professional communication barriers and a host of other reasons. The individual influences could also be in terms of their misunderstandings due to which they are unable to manifest their ethical best within an organization. As an example, the discussion on the ethical issues centers on the Fuld & Co. which is a competitive intelligence consultant organization that tried to instill the role of the ethics within its employees through different hypothetical scenarios. This was concerned with the comfort levels that existed when presented with the ethical dilemmas linked with the collection of business intelligence information. The survey discerned that nearly one-third organizations neither follow the information collection procedures nor have the audacity to share the same with their employees (Light, 2011). This was indeed a gross mistake on